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HbA1c measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months. It is a commonly used test to diagnose and monitor diabetes, as well as to assess the effectiveness of diabetes management strategies. However, HbA1c levels can be affected by other factors such as anemia, liver disease, and chronic kidney disease.

Platelet count is a measurement of the number of platelets in a person's blood. Platelets are small blood cells that play a key role in blood clotting and wound healing. They are produced in the bone marrow along with red blood cells and white blood cells. A platelet count test is a routine part of a complete blood count (CBC) and is used to assess the overall health of an individual

MPV (Mean Platelet Volume) is a laboratory test that measures the average size of platelets in a sample of blood. Platelets are small cells in the blood that are involved in the formation of blood clots and the healing of wounds. Measurement of MPV levels can provide important information about platelet function and can be used to diagnose and monitor certain medical conditions.

Haemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells, plays a crucial role in carrying oxygen throughout the body and giving blood its characteristic red hue. This test evaluates the quantity of haemoglobin present in the blood and serves as an effective gauge of its capacity to transport oxygen.

HCT, (haematocrit), quantifies the volume of blood occupied by red blood cells, representing the proportion of space they occupy within the bloodstream.

The Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count is a test that measures the quantity of red blood cells present in the bloodstream. These cells play a vital role in transporting oxygen from the lungs to various parts of the body to support essential processes like respiration and movement. Additionally, they carry carbon dioxide generated by cells back to the lungs to facilitate its elimination through exhalation.

MCV (mean corpuscular volume), measures the typical size of red blood cells, a critical parameter to assess as it can provideinsight into the capacityof these cells to carry oxygen throughout the body.

MCH (corpuscular haemoglobin) is a metric used to assess the average quantity of haemoglobin present in an individual red blood cell.

MCHC, (mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration), is a measure of the typical concentration of haemoglobin in an individual's red blood cells. Haemoglobin is a molecule that enables the transportation of oxygen by red blood cells to various parts of the body.

Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW) is a test used to determine whether an individual's red blood cells exhibit uniformity in terms of size and shape or if there are variations in size and shape. Typically, red blood cells have a consistent size and shape, but certain blood disorders can cause them to assume abnormal dimensions. The test measures the disparity between the largest and smallest red blood cells present in the sample.

The White Blood Cell (WBC) Count is a test that determines the quantity of white blood cells present in the bloodstream. These cells play a crucial role in the body's immune system by combating infections and shielding the body from harmful foreign substances such as bacteria and germs. Furthermore, white blood cells generate numerous antibodies and memory cells to prevent further infections caused by the same germ.

Urate, also known as uric acid, is a waste product that is produced when the body breaks down purines, which are substances found in certain foods and produced by the body. Urate is normally dissolved in the blood and filtered by the kidneys into the urine, but high levels of urate can lead to the formation of urate crystals, which can cause gout and other conditions.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland in the brain. It plays a crucial role in regulation of the menstrual cycle in females and testosterone production in males. In females, LH triggers ovulation (release of an egg from the ovary) and stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone. In males, LH stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland in the brain. It plays a crucial role in regulating reproductive functions in both males and females. In females, FSH stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovaries and regulates the production of estrogen. In males, FSH stimulates the production of sperm in the testes.

Testosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the male testicles and the adrenal glands in both men and women. It plays a key role in the development of male characteristics, such as muscle mass, body hair, and a deep voice. Testosterone levels naturally decrease as men age, and low levels can lead to conditions such as decreased sex drive, osteoporosis, and muscle weakness. It is found in small amount in females from the ovary. Testosterone test is used to diagnosed various conditions such as erectile dysfunction and infertility in men.

Oestradiol is a type of estrogen, a hormone produced in the ovaries of women and in smaller amounts by the testes in men. It plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting pregnancy in women, as well as maintaining bone density and sexual function in both men and women. Abnormal oestradiol levels can indicate a hormonal imbalance or underlying medical condition.

Free Testosterone Calculation (FT) is a laboratory test used to measure the amount of free (unbound) testosterone in the blood. Free testosterone is the portion of testosterone that is not bound to proteins in the blood and is available to enter cells and exert its effects.

hsCRP (High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein) is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation in the body. Measurement of hsCRP levels can provide important information about a person's cardiovascular health and is often used in combination with other risk factors, such as cholesterol levels and blood pressure, to determine a person's overall CVD risk.

Iron is a mineral that is essential for human health. It plays a crucial role in the production of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Iron is also involved in several other important functions in the body, such as immune system function and the regulation of cell growth and differentiation.

Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC) measures the amount of iron-binding sites in the blood. It is used to assess the amount of transferrin, a protein that carries iron in the blood, and to help diagnose iron-related disorders. TIBC is often measured along with other iron tests, such as serum iron and ferritin, to provide a complete picture of an individual's iron status.

Transferrin Saturation measures the amount of iron bound to transferrin in the blood relative to the maximum amount of iron that transferrin can bind. Transferrin is a protein in the blood that binds to and transports iron in the body. Transferrin Saturation is used to assess iron metabolism in the body.

Ferritin is a protein found in the body that stores iron and releases it as needed. It is commonly measured as a biomarker in blood tests to assess iron stores and iron metabolism in the body. Ferritin levels can indicate whether an individual has too much or too little iron stored in the body.

eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) assess kidney function. It is calculated using a formula that takes into account factors such as age, sex, race, and creatinine levels in the blood. A lower eGFR can indicate decreased kidney function or kidney disease. It is important to note that eGFR is an estimated value and may not reflect actual kidney function.

Urea is a waste product produced by the liver as a result of protein metabolism. It is eliminated from the body through the kidneys. Elevated urea levels in the blood, known as hyperuremia, can indicate kidney dysfunction or damage, as the kidneys are responsible for removing urea from the blood.

Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscle metabolism that is eliminated from the body through the kidneys. It is used as a biomarker to assess kidney function, as creatinine levels in the blood are an indicator of how well the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood.

Total bilirubin measures the level of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow-colored pigment that is produced when the body breaks down red blood cells. It is normally present in the blood in small amounts, but when levels are elevated, it can indicate a problem with the liver or the bile ducts.

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is a type of enzyme that is present in various tissues in the human body, including the liver, bone, and small intestine. It is often used as a biomarker to evaluate liver function or bone metabolism.

ALT, also known as alanine aminotransferase, is an enzyme found primarily in the liver. It is used as a biomarker to measure liver function and to detect liver damage

GGT (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) is an enzyme found in many organs of the body, but primarily in the liver and kidney. GGT levels can be measured in the blood to assess liver and bile duct function.

Magnesium is present in fiber-rich foods such as green leafy vegetables, avocados, bananas, wholemeal bread, and brown rice, as well as in fish and meat. Overexposure to magnesium can lead to respiratory difficulties, skin and eye irritation, flu-like symptoms, and digestive issues. Conversely, a deficiency in magnesium can result in muscle soreness and fatigue, osteoporosis, irregular heartbeats, and high blood pressure. Low magnesium levels are linked to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, atherosclerosis, and diabetes.

CK (Creatine Kinase) is a type of enzyme found in the human body and used as a biomarker to help diagnose and monitor various medical conditions. CK levels can be elevated due to various factors, such as physical activity or medications, elevated levels of CK in the blood can also indicate damage to muscle tissue, which can occur in conditions such as muscle diseases, heart attack, and rhabdomyolysis.

Total protein is a biomarker that measures the amount of protein in the blood. This test measures the total amount of proteins present in the serum, which is the liquid portion of the blood that is left after the blood cells have been removed.

Albumin is a protein that is produced by the liver and is present in the blood. It is one of the most abundant proteins in the body and plays an important role in maintaining the balance of fluids in the body, as well as in the transport of hormones, enzymes, and other substances throughout the body.

Globulin is a class of proteins that are present in blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. There are several different types of globulins, including alpha, beta, and gamma globulins. They play a variety of roles in the body, including transporting hormones and other molecules, fighting infection, and helping to control blood clotting.

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a protein produced by the liver. Its main function is to regulate the levels of oestradiol, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone hormones in the blood by binding to them making them unavailable for use. The SHBG test is used to diagnose testosterone deficiency in men and is used to investigate the production of testosterone in women.

DHEA-S (Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands and is the sulfated form of the hormone DHEA. It is commonly used as a biomarker to assess adrenal gland function and to diagnose certain medical conditions, such as adrenal insufficiency and polycystic ovary syndrome. DHEA-S levels in the blood can be influenced by various factors, such as age, sex, and certain medical conditions, and can change over time.

Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that is involved in the body's stress response. It regulates various functions in the body, including glucose metabolism, blood pressure, and the immune system. Cortisol levels in the blood follow a daily pattern, known as the cortisol circadian rhythm, with highest levels in the morning and lowest levels at night.

TSH, or Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the production and release of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which play important roles in regulating metabolism, growth, and development

FT3 (Free Triiodothyronine) is a type of thyroid hormone that is produced and released bythe thyroid gland in response to stimulation by the pituitary hormone TSH (ThyroidStimulating Hormone). FT3 acts as a key regulator of metabolism and energy balance in thebody. It is a crucial component of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, whichhelps to regulate the production and release of thyroid hormones.

FT4 (Free Thyroxine) is a type of thyroid hormone that is produced and regulated by the thyroid gland. It plays a critical role in regulating metabolism and energy production in the body. FT4 levels in the blood are used as a biomarker to assess thyroid function and to diagnose thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone levels) or hyperthyroidism (high thyroid hormone levels).

Folate is measured as a biomarker to assess the nutritional status of an individual and to determine if supplementation is necessary. Folate (also known as Vitamin B9) is a water-soluble Vitamin B that plays an important role in several key bodily functions including red blood cell formation, nerve function, mental health and DNA synthesis.

Active B12, also known as holotranscobalamin, is a form of Vitamin B12 that is biologically active and readily available for use by the body. Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in several important bodily functions such as, red blood cell formation, nerve function, mental health and DNA synthesis.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in human health. It is known as the "sunshine vitamin" because the body can produce it when the skin is exposed to sunlight. Vitamin D can also be obtained from certain foods, such as fatty fish and fortified dairy products, and from supplements.